"Ashgabat, Public Affairs Section," American Embassy , http://www.usemb-ashgabat.rpo.at (April 2002).
"Central Asia." Harvard International Review , vol. 22, Winter-Spring 2000, pp. 44–54, 56–74, 76–79.
"Country Profile: Turkmenistan," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298497.stm (April 29, 2003).
Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities , 1975.
Matveeva, Anna. "Democratization, Legitimacy and Political Change in Central Asia." International Affairs , vol. 75, January 1999, pp. 23–44.
Menon, Rajan and Hendrik Spruyt. "The Limits of Neorealism: Understanding Security in Central Asia," Review of International Studies , vol. 25, January 1999, pp. 87–105.
"Niyazov on Plans for 'Humanization' of Turkmen Law System." FBIS , May 5, 2000.
"Turkmen Head: Another Eleven Years Needed to Complete Reforms." Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report: Central Eurasia , April 27, 2000.
"Turkmenistan Daily Digest," Eurasianet , http://eurasianet.org/resource/turkmenistan/hypermail/200303/0033.shtml (April 29, 2003).
Profile researched and written by Jim Nichol, Library of Congress (5/2000); updated by Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D. (4/2003).
Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: