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Hodges, T. and M. Newitt. São Tomé and Príncipe: From Plantation Colony to Microstate . Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.
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Radio Renascenca, Lisbon, Summary of the World Broadcasts, as provided by BBC Worldwide Monitoring, November 13, 1996.
RDP Antena 1 Radio, Lisbon, BBC Monitoring International Reports, as provided by BBC Worldwide Monitoring, July 1, 1998.
"São Tome," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/africa/country_profiles/newsid_1064000/1064541.stm (May 2002).
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Shaw, Caroline. São Tomé and Príncipe . Oxford: Clio Press, 1994.
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Profile researched and written by Robert J. Groelsema (5/2002; updated 5/2003).
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