AUSTRALIA



Commonwealth of Australia

CAPITAL : Canberra

FLAG : The flag has three main features: the red, white, and blue Union Jack in the upper left quarter, indicating Australia's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations; the white five-star Southern Cross in the right half; and the white seven-pointed federal star below the Union Jack. The flag has a blue background. Of the five stars of the Southern Cross, four have seven points and one has five points.

ANTHEM : God Save the Queen is reserved for regal and state occasions and whenever singing is appropriate; the national tune is Advance Australia Fair.

MONETARY UNIT : The Australian dollar ( A $) is a paper currency of 100 cents. There are coins of 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents and 1 and 2 dollars, and notes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars. A $1 = US $0.6173 ( US $1 = A $1.62) as of May 2003.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES : Metric weights and measures are used. The Australian proof gallon equals1.37 US proof gallons.

HOLIDAYS : New Year's Day, 1 January; Australia Day, last Monday in January; Anzac Day, 25 April; Queen's Birthday, second Monday in June; Christmas, 25 December; Boxing Day, 26 December. Numerous state holidays also are observed. Movable religious holidays include Good Friday, Easter Saturday, and Easter Monday.

TIME : Western Australia, 8 PM = noon GMT; South Australia and Northern Territory, 9:30 PM ; Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, 10 PM . Summer time is 1 hour later in all states except Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory.


FISHING

Fishing is relatively unimportant, even though the Australian Fishing Zone is the third largest in the world. Even with a low per capita fish consumption, Australia must import about half its normal requirements. Pearl and other shell fishing are relatively significant. The 2000 catch of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks totaled 211,391 tons, 99% from marine waters. Exports of fishery products in 2000 were valued at $1 billion.

HOUSING

According to 2001 national census figures, there were about 7,810,352 dwellings in the nation. About 90.5% were occupied private dwellings. Central heating, formerly available only in the most modern and expensive homes and apartments, is now generally available in the coldest areas of the country. Most apartments and houses are equipped with hot-water service, refrigeration, and indoor bath and toilet facilities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Life Together, a Life Apart: A History of Relations Between Europeans and Aborigines. Carlton, Vic., Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1994.

Atkinson, Alan. The Muddle-headed Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Atlas of Australian Resources. Canberra: Department of National Development, 1953–date.

Australia in Pictures Publications Company. Minneapolis, Minn.: Lerner, 1993, 1990.

Australian Civilisation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Bassett, Jan. The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Bell, Philip. Implicated: the United States in Australia Bell. Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Bell, Stephen. Australian Manufacturing and the State: the Politics of Industry Policy in the Post-war Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Berndt, Ronald Murray. The Speaking Land: Myth and Story in Aboriginal Australia. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International, 1994.

Blake, Barry. Australian Aboriginal Languages: A General Introduction. St. Lucia, Qld., Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1991.

Bolton, Geoffrey (gen. ed.) The Oxford History of Australia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986–90.

Castles, Francis G. Australia Compared: People, Policies and Politics. North Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin Pty Ltd, 1991.

Catley, Robert. Globalising Australian Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Cranston, Ross. Law, Government and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Docherty, J. C. Historical Dictionary of Australia. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

Dyster, B. Australia in the International Economy: in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Emerson, Arthur. Historical Dictionary of Sydney . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001.

Gibson, Ross. South of the West: Postcolonialism and the Narrative Construction of Australia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Goldberg, S.L. and F.B. Smith (eds.) Australian Cultural History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Hancick, Keith (ed.) Australian Society. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Heathcote, R. L. Australia. London: Longman, Scientific and Technical, 1994.

International Smoking Statistics: A Collection of Historical Data from 30 Economically Developed Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Jaensch, Dean. The Australian Party System. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1983.

Kemp, David Alistair. Foundations for Australian Political Analysis: Politics and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, 1989.

Kramer, Leonie, et al. (eds.). The Oxford History of Australian Literature. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Kurian, George Thomas. Facts on File National Profiles. Australia and New Zealand. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1990.

Lourandos, Harry. Continent of Hunters-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Maddock, Rodney and Ian W. McLean (eds.) The Australian Economy in the Long Run. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

McElrath, Karen (ed.). HIV and AIDS: A Global View. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002.

Moore, Andrew. The Right Road?: A History of Right-Wing Politics in Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer, 1908–to date.

Oxley, Alan. Seize the Future: How Australia Can Prosper in the New Century. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen and Unwin, 2000.

Parliamentary Handbook and Record of Elections . Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer, 1915–to date.

Randall, John. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.

Rickard, John. Australia, A Cultural History. London: Longman, 1996.

Solomon, M. The Geology and Origin of Australia's Mineral Deposits. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Summers, Randal W., and Allan M. Hoffman (ed.). Domestic Violence: A Global View. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002.

Ward, R. B. Concise History of Australia Drawings. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press, 1992.

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HEY
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10
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