Amnesty International, "Laos: Torture, Ill-Treatment and Hidden Suffering." London, July 2002.
Far Eastern Economic Review, July 27, 2000, and August 30, 2001.
"Political Dissent in Laos."The Irrawaddy, June 2000.
Leifer, Michael. Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia. London: Routledge, 1996.
Mydans, Seth. "Communists in Laos Dust Off the Nation's Royal Past." New York Times, January 5, 2003.
Results from the Population Census: 1995. Vientiane: State Planning Committee and National Statistical Centre, April 1997.
Stuart-Fox, Martin. Buddhist Kingdom, Marxist State: The Making of Modern Laos. Bangkok: 1996.
——. A History of Laos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Stuart-Fox, Martin and Mary Kooyman. Historical Dictionary of Laos. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1992.
Profile researched and revised by y Edith Mirante 3/02; sections contributed by Gerald Fry, University of Oregon (6/98).