Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Central Eurasia: Daily Report, October 1, 1998–January 30, 1999.
"Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing Meets Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev," Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/47980.html (May 1, 2003).
Jamestown Foundation. Monitor, January 4–22, 1999.
Kazakh Presidential Election, http://www.eurasia.org.ru (May 5, 2000).
"Kazakhstan: Nostalgia for Old Capital." New York Times, February 8, 2002, p. A8. "Kazakhstan Favors Accelerating CIS Integration." Xinhua News Agency, March 2, 2002.
King, Jr., Neil, and Jeanne Whalen. "Powell Damps Kazak Hopes for Oil Route to Iran," Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2001, p. A6.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, http://www.mfa.kz/english/st_030404.htm (April 28,2003).
"Nazarbayev, Nursultan." Current Biography, October 2000, vol. 61, no. 10, p. 67+.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Newsline, January 4–22, 1999.
U.S. Department of State. Kazakhstan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998, February 26, 1999.
Vinitski, Dmitry. "Nazarbayev Calls on CIS to Set Up Union Similar to OPEC." ITAR/TASS News Agency, November 29, 2001.
Profile researched and written by Jim Nichol, Library of Congress (5/2000); updated by Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D. (4/2003).
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