Boustany, Nora. "Our of the Wreckage of War, Eritrea Finds Reason to Hope." Washington Post, December 15, 2000, p. A-32.
"Boundary Commission Ruling Hailed." UN Chronicle, vol. 39, no. 2, June–August, 2002, p. 69.
Christian Science Monitor, June 21, 1993, April 30, 1993.
Ellingson, Lloyd. "The Emergence of Political Parties in Eritrea, 1941–1950." Journal of African History.
Erlich, Haggai. The Struggle over Eritrea, 1962–78: War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983.
——. Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa: A Political Biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1996.
"E.U. Hails Boundary Commission Border Ruling."
European Report. April 17, 2002, p. 520.
Hammer, Joshua. "Back from the Ruins: Can This Be an African Nation that Works?" Newsweek, February 26, 1996, p. 40.
Integrated Regional Information Networks, various articles, http://www.irinnews.org (April 2002).
Killion, Tom. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998.
Smyth, Frank. "So Much for Africa's 'New Leaders. '" The New Republic, March 1, 1999, p. 14.
Street, Jennie. "Spirit of Independence (Special Report: Eritrea—Fierce Will to Succeed)." African Business, April 1998, p. 16+.
Profile researched and written by James C. McCann, Boston University (1993; revised by Markos Ezra, Ph.D., Brown University 4/2000, updated 4/2002, 2/2003).