CIA. The World Factbook , http://www.cia.gov (February 13, 2003).
Drummond, James. "Pessimism over Arab Influence." The Financial Times, February 10, 2003, p. 5.
"Egypt's Waiting Game." The Economist, September 25, 1999, p. 51.
"Egypt warns of Dangers of War on Iraq." The Oil Daily. vol. 52, no. 238, December 12, 2002.
"Egyptian President Calls on Washington to End Israel's Violence." Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. December 11,2002.
"Gamal Mubarak Gets Party Political Role." Middle East Economic Digest, February 18, 2000.
"Mubarak Opens Bibliotheca Alexandrina Today." Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. October 16, 2002.
Schneider, Howard. "Egypt Cautions U.S. on Aid to Israel." Washington Post , November 16, 2001, p. A-20.
Schweid, Barry. "Bush, Mubarak Urge End of Violence." Washington Post, March 5, 2002.
"Where Does Egypt Fit in the World?" The Economist, 20 March 1999, p. 17.
Profile researched and written by Erik O. Gilbert, University of Vermont (3/98); updated by Kathryn L. Green, Ph.D., California State University, San Bernardino (5/2000); updated (3/2002 and 2/2003).
Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: