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Farah, Douglas. "Opposition Evaporates in Benin Vote" Washington Post, March 24, 2001, p. A14.
Houngnikpo, Mathurin C. Determinants of Democratization in Africa: A Comparative Study of Benin and Togo. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001.
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Michaud, Paul. "The 'Chameleon's' Triumphal Return." Afican Business, April 2002, p. 41+.
Profile researched and written by Robert W. Compton, Jr. (7/96); updated by Robert J. Groelsema (5/00, 3/02, and 2/03).