Conniff, Michael. Black Labor on a White Canal: Panama. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.
Flanagan, E. M. Battle for Panama: Inside Operation Just Cause. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's (US), Inc., 1993.
Greene, Graham. Getting to Know the General. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Guevara Mann, Carlos. Panamanian Militarism: A Historical Interpretation. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1996.
Health in the Americas, 2002 edition. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, 2002.
Hedrick, Basil C., and Anne K. Hedrick. Historical Dictionary of Panama. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1970.
Hogan, J. Michael. The Panama Canal in American Politics: Domestic Advocacy and the Evolution of Policy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.
LaFeber, Walter. The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Major, John. Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama anal, 1903–1979. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
McCullough, David G. The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977.
Meditz, Sandra W., and Dennis M. Hanratty (eds.). Panama: A Country Study. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1989.
Moffet, George D. The Limits of Victory: The Ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985.
Richard, Alfred Charles. The Panama Canal in American National Consciousness, 1870–1990. New York: Garland, 1990.
US Department of State. The Panama Canal Treaties and Associated Agreements and Documents. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.
Watson, Bruce W., and Peter G. Tsouras (eds.). Operation Just Cause: The U.S. Intervention in Panama. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991.
Zencey, Eric. Panama. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995.
Zimbalist, Andrew S. Panama at the Crossroads: Economic Development and Political Change in the Twentieth Century. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991.