Calderini, Simonetta. Mauritania. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Press, 1992.
Cotton, Samuel. Silent Terror: A Journey into Contemporary African Slavery. New York: Harlem Rivers Press, 1998.
Handloff, Robert E. (ed.). Mauritania, a Country Study. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1990.
Pazzanita, Anthony G. Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. 2d. ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1996.